Understanding ultrasonic level measurement
Ultrasonics is a reliable and proven technology for level measurement. It has been used for decades in many diverse industries such as water treatment, mining, aggregates, cement, and plastics. Ultrasonics provides superior inventory accuracy, process control, and user safety. Understanding Ultrason...
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| Other Authors: | , |
| Format: | Electronic eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
[New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) :
Momentum Press,
2013.
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | An electronic book accessible through the World Wide Web; click to view |
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Table of Contents:
- Chapter one. History of ultrasonics
- Ultrasonics and level measurement
- Product development map
- Ultrasonic theory
- Sound
- Using sound
- Frequency and wavelength
- Measurement principle
- The medium and the message
- Sound intensity
- Sound velocity and temperature
- Sound velocity and gas
- Sound velocity and pressure
- Sound velocity and vacuum
- Sound velocity and attenuation
- Sound reflection
- Sound diffraction
- Sound pressure level (SPL)
- Sound intensity changes
- Summary
- Chapter two.
- Ultrasonic instrumentation
- The transducer
- Transducer environments
- Transducer accuracy
- Transducer resolution and accuracy
- Impedance matching
- Axis of transmission
- Beam width
- Beam spreading
- Ringdown
- The controllers
- Digital filtering
- Averaging echoes
- Echo extraction algorithms
- Summary
- Notes
- Chapter three.
- The sound and the slurry
- Topics
- Transducers and ultrasonic systems
- Single systems
- Compound systems
- Transducers
- Temperature and transducer material
- Temperature sensors
- Sound and differential amplifiers
- Single-ended receiver
- Differential receiver
- Application temperature
- Housing material
- Range and power
- Conditions
- Dust
- Stilling wells
- Foam facing
- Moisture on transducer face
- Transducer selection
- Blanking distance and height placement
- Temperature
- Installation
- Transducer design: the heart of the matter
- Summary
- Chapter four. Echo processing
- Topics
- Echo processing, intelligence
- Understanding echo processing
- Shots and profiles
- Finding the true echo
- Filters
- True echo selection (selection of echo reflected by the intended target)
- Selected echo verification
- Echo quality
- Figure of merit
- Echo parameter fine tuning
- Echo profiles
- Profile components
- Echo profile
- Ringdown
- TVT curve (Time Varying Threshold)
- Echo marker
- Echo lock window
- Echo processing parameters
- Echo confidence
- The echo
- Echo strength
- Noise
- Noise interference
- Determining the noise source
- Non-transducer noise sources
- Common wiring problems
- Reducing electrical noise
- Acoustic noise
- Reducing acoustic noise
- Summary
- Chapter five. Installation
- Topics
- Select the right transducer
- Location
- Obstructions
- Closed vessels
- Tanks
- Tank access
- Open vessels
- Open channel meters: weirs and flumes
- Flumes
- Transducer location
- Lift stations
- Position control
- Hazardous approvals
- Approvals
- Controller installation
- Summary
- Chapter six. Applications
- Applications
- Topics
- Cement
- Aggregate
- Blending silos and storage bunkers
- Environmental
- Collection system: lift station/pump station/wet well
- Wastewater treatment plant
- Environmental applications
- Food industry
- Chemical industry
- Other Industries
- Chapter seven. Best in class, the ultrasonic product line
- SITRANS LUT400
- SITRANS Probe LU
- The Probe
- MultiRanger 100/200
- SITRANS LU10
- HydroRanger 200
- Echomax Transducers
- XRS-5
- XPS/XCT Series
- XLT Series
- ST-H
- Conclusion
- Index
- Glossary.