Opening doors gender equality and development in the Middle East and North Africa /
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| Corporate Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| 格式: | 電子 電子書 |
| 語言: | 英语 |
| 出版: |
Washington, D.C. :
World Bank,
2013.
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| 叢編: | MENA development report
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| 主題: | |
| 在線閱讀: | An electronic book accessible through the World Wide Web; click to view |
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書本目錄:
- Acknowledgements
- Foreword
- Acronyms and abbreviations
- Executive summary
- Gender equality in MENA : the facts and the puzzle
- Impressive achievements in human development
- Little discrimination between girls and boys within the household
- Of the lowest rates of excess female mortality in the world
- Rapid declines in maternal mortality
- More girls in school than in much of the world
- Virtually no gender gaps in enrolment, and reverse gender gaps in university, and math performance
- MENA's performance in human development is largely explained by economic development and wealth
- Some challenges remain
- The puzzle in MENA : why do women participate in such few numbers outside the home?
- Women in the workforce
- Women in business
- Women in politics
- What explains the mena puzzle?
- Religion is too simplistic an explanation
- Oil endowments alone cannot explain the paradox either
- Social norms and the legal framework limit women's agency
- Social and cultural norms constrain women's roles outside the home
- Evolving norms and the invisible hand of marriage
- Equality under the law and its enforcement is critical for women's agency
- Legal systems differ widely and derive from multiple sources
- Legal constraints to women's agency in MENA
- Economic incentives dampen participation in the workforce
- A social contract underpinned by a generous but costly welfare state
- Extensive public sector employment with generous compensation
- Generous subsidies encourage women to stay at home
- State regulation and intervention in the market
- Heavy investment in education, but not the kind that businesses want
- Unequal access to entrepreneurship opportunities
- The time for reform is now
- Aspirations are changing
- As education levels increase, female labor force participation will likely increase
- A demographic gift?
- The social contract is no longer sustainable
- Opening the door to women : policy directions
- A roadmap for reform
- Policies to address the region's challenges
- Closing the remaining gender gaps in human deelopment
- Expanding economic opportunities for women
- Closing gender gaps in voice and agency
- Supporting evidence-based policy making
- References
- Technical annex
- Appendix 1.