Søgeresultater - Simulation methods.

Spin-crossover materials properties and applications /

Indholdsfortegnelse: “...Houghton 17.1 Introduction 443 17.2 Beginnings: Valence Bond and Ligand Field Theories 443 17.3 Quantum Chemistry 446 17.4 Empirical Methods 449 17.5 Conclusions 452 18 Theoretical Descriptions of Spin-Transitions in Bulk Lattices 455 Cristian, Enachescu, Masamichi Nishino and Seiji Miyashita 18.1 Introduction 455 18.2 Elastic Interaction Models for Spin-Crossover Systems 457 18.3 Mechano-Elastic Model 463 18.4 Conclusions 471 19 Optimizing the Stability of Trapped Metastable Spin States 475 Jean-Francois Letard, Guillaume Chastanet, Philippe Guionneau and Cedric Desplanches 19.1 Introduction 475 19.2 Light-Induced Excited Spin-State Trapping (LIESST) Effect 476 19.3 The T(LIESST) Approach: The Case of Mononuclear Compounds 479 19.4 The T(LIESST) Approach: An Extension to Polynuclear Iron(II) Complexes 487 19.5 Simulation and Extrapolation of a T(LIESST) Experiment 495 19.6 Conclusions 500 20 Piezo- and Photo-Crystallography Applied to Spin-Crossover Materials 507 Philippe Guionneau and Eric Collet 20.1 Introduction 507 20.2 Spin-Crossover and Piezo-Crystallography 507 20.3 Crystallography of Photoexcited SCO Materials 512 21 Spin-Transitions in Metal Oxides 527 Jean-Pascal RUEFF 21.1 Introduction 527 21.2 RIXS: A Probe of the 3d Electronic Properties 530 21.3 Experimental Results 533 21.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 538 References 540 Index....”
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Molten salts chemistry from lab to applications /

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Mixed models theory and applications with R / af Demidenko, Eugene, 1948-

Indholdsfortegnelse: “...331.16 Software and books361.17 Summary points 372 MLE for LME Model 412.1 Example: Weight versus height 422.2 The model and log-likelihood functions 452.3 Balanced random-coefficient model 602.4 LME model with random intercepts 642.5 Criterion for the MLE existence 722.6 Criterion for positive definiteness of matrix D742.7 Preestimation bounds for variance parameters 772.8 Maximization algorithms792.9 Derivatives of the log-likelihood function 812.10 Newton--Raphson algorithm 832.11 Fisher scoring algorithm852.12 EM algorithm 882.13 Starting point 932.14 Algorithms for restricted MLE 962.15 Optimization on nonnegative definite matrices 972.16 lmeFS and lme in R 1082.17 Appendix: Proof of the MLE existence 1122.18 Summary points 1153 Statistical Properties of the LME Model 1193.1 Introduction 1193.2 Identifiability of the LMEmodel 1193.3 Information matrix for variance parameters 1223.4 Profile-likelihood confidence intervals 1333.5 Statistical testing of the presence of random effects 1353.6 Statistical properties of MLE 1393.7 Estimation of random effects 1483.8 Hypothesis and membership testing 1533.9 Ignoring random effects 1573.10 MINQUE for variance parameters 1603.11 Method of moments 1693.12 Variance least squares estimator 1733.13 Projection on D+ space 1783.14 Comparison of the variance parameter estimation 1783.15 Asymptotically efficient estimation for [beta] 1823.16 Summary points 1834 Growth Curve Model and Generalizations 1874.1 Linear growth curve model 1874.2 General linear growth curve model 2034.3 Linear model with linear covariance structure 2214.4 Robust linear mixed effects model 2354.5 Appendix: Derivation of the MM estimator 2434.6 Summary points 2445 Meta-analysis Model 2475.1 Simple meta-analysis model 2485.2 Meta-analysis model with covariates 2755.3 Multivariate meta-analysis model 2805.4 Summary points 2916 Nonlinear Marginal Model 2936.1 Fixed matrix of random effects 2946.2 Varied matrix of random effects 3076.3 Three types of nonlinear marginal models 3186.4 Total generalized estimating equations approach 3236.5 Summary points 3307 Generalized Linear Mixed Models 3337.1 Regression models for binary data 3347.2 Binary model with subject-specific intercept 3577.3 Logistic regression with random intercept 3647.4 Probit model with random intercept 3847.5 Poisson model with random intercept 3887.6 Random intercept model: overview 4037.7 Mixed models with multiple random effects 4047.8 GLMM and simulation methods 4137.9 GEE for clustered marginal GLM 4187.10 Criteria for MLE existence for binary model 4267.11 Summary points 4318 Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model 4358.1 Introduction 4358.2 The model 4368.3 Example: Height of girls and boys 4398.4 Maximum likelihood estimation 4418.5 Two-stage estimator 4448.6 First-order approximation 4508.7 Lindstrom--Bates estimator 4528.8 Likelihood approximations 4578.9 One-parameter exponential model 4608.10 Asymptotic equivalence of the TS and LB estimators 4678.11 Bias-corrected two-stage estimator 4698.12 Distribution misspecification 4718.13 Partially nonlinear marginal mixed model 4748.14 Fixed sample likelihood approach4758.15 Estimation of random effects and hypothesis testing 4788.16 Example (continued) 4798.17 Practical recommendations 4818.18 Appendix: Proof of theorem on equivalence 4828.19 Summary points 4859 Diagnostics and Influence Analysis 4899.1 Introduction 4899.2 Influence analysis for linear regression 4909.3 The idea of infinitesimal influence 4939.4 Linear regression model 4959.5 Nonlinear regression model 5129.6 Logistic regression for binary outcome 5179.7 Influence of correlation structure 5269.8 Influence of measurement error 5279.9 Influence analysis for the LME model 5309.10 Appendix: MLE derivative with respect to σ2 5369.11 Summary points 53710 Tumor Regrowth Curves 54110.1 Survival curves 54310.2 Double--exponential regrowth curve 54510.3 Exponential growth with fixed regrowth time 55910.4 General regrowth curve 56510.5 Double--exponential transient regrowth curve 56610.6 Gompertz transient regrowth curve 57310.7 Summary points 57611 Statistical Analysis of Shape 57911.1 Introduction 57911.2 Statistical analysis of random triangles 58111.3 Face recognition 58411.4 Scale-irrelevant shape model 58511.5 Gorilla vertebrae analysis 58911.6 Procrustes estimation of the mean shape 59111.7 Fourier descriptor analysis 59811.8 Summary points 60712 Statistical Image Analysis 60912.1 Introduction 60912.2 Testing for uniform lighting 61212.3 Kolmogorov--Smirnov image comparison 61612.4 Multinomial statistical model for images 62012.5 Image entropy 62312.6 Ensemble of unstructured images 62712.7 Image alignment and registration 64012.8 Ensemble of structured images 65212.9 Modeling spatial correlation 65412.10 Summary points 66013 Appendix: Useful Facts and Formulas 66313.1 Basic facts of asymptotic theory 66313.2 Some formulas of matrix algebra 67013.3 Basic facts of optimization theory 674References 683Index 713....”
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Commitment to Equity Handbook : Estimating the Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty /

Indholdsfortegnelse: “...(reproduced from Journal of Development Economics) / Ali Enami -- Abstract / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 1.Introduction / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 2.The Problems with Conventional Measures / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 2.1.Poverty Measures / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 2.2.Horizontal Equity and Progressivity / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 2.3.Real-World Examples / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 3.Measures of Fiscal Impoverishment / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 3.1.Axioms / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 3.2.An Axiomatic Measure of Fiscal Impoverishment / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 3.3.Fiscal Impoverishment Dominance Criteria / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 4.Fiscal Gains of the Poor / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 4.1.An Axiomatic Measure of Fiscal Gains of the Poor / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 4.2.Decomposition of the Difference between Pre-Fisc and Post-Fisc Poverty / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 5.Illustration / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 5.1.Results for Seventeen Developing Countries / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 5.2.Results for a Range of Poverty Lines in Brazil / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- 6.Conclusions / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- Acknowledgments / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- Appendix 4A / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- A.1.FI Axioms / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- A.2.FGP Axioms / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- A.3.Proofs / Nora Lustig / Sean Higgins -- ch. 5 Measuring the Effectiveness of Taxes and Transfers in Fighting Inequality and Poverty / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.Notation / Ali Enami -- 2.New CEQ Effectiveness Indicators / Ali Enami -- 2.1.Shortcomings of the 2013 Effectiveness Indicator / Ali Enami -- 2.2.Impact and Spending Effectiveness Indicators / Ali Enami -- 2.2.1.Impact Effectiveness / Ali Enami -- 2.2.2.Spending Effectiveness / Ali Enami -- 2.3.Fiscal Impoverishment and Gains Effectiveness Indicators / Ali Enami -- 3.Conclusion / Ali Enami -- ch. 6 Allocating Taxes and Transfers and Constructing Income Concepts: Completing Sections A, B, and C of the CEQ Master Workbook / Ali Enami -- 1.The CEQ Master Workbook / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.The Microdata: Description of the Household Survey and Data Harmonization Assumptions / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.1.Definition of Household / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.2.Unit of Analysis / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.3.Missing or Zero Incomes / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.4.Top Coding / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.5.Outliers and Extreme Values / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.6.Under-Reporting and Top Incomes / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.7.Adult Equivalence and Economies of Scale / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.8.Spatial Price Adjustments / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.1.9.Expressing Values in Annual Terms / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 1.2.Data on Fiscal Systems / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 2.Income Concepts: Definitions / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.Constructing Income Concepts: The Art of Allocating Taxes and Transfers / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.1.Methods / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.1.1.Direct Identification / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.1.2.Inference / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.1.3.Imputation / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.1.4.Simulation / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.1.5.Prediction / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.1.6.Alternate Survey / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.1.7.Secondary Sources / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.2.Constructing Market Income and Market Income plus Pensions / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.2.1.Grossing Up / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.2.2.Negative Farm, Business, and Self-Employed Incomes / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.2.3.Imputed Rent for Owner-Occupied Housing / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.2.4.Value of Production for Own Consumption / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.3.Constructing Gross Income / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig -- 3.4.Constructing Taxable Income / Sean Higgins / Nora Lustig...”
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Principles of GNSS, inertial, and multisensor integrated navigation systems / af Groves, Paul D. (Paul David)

Indholdsfortegnelse: “...Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction -- 1.1.Fundamental Concepts -- 1.2.Dead Reckoning -- 1.3.Position Fixing -- 1.3.1.Position-Fixing Methods -- 1.3.2.Signal-Based Positioning -- 1.3.3.Environmental Feature Matching -- 1.4.The Navigation System -- 1.4.1.Requirements -- 1.4.2.Context -- 1.4.3.Integration -- 1.4.4.Aiding -- 1.4.5.Assistance and Cooperation -- 1.4.6.Fault Detection -- 1.5.Overview of the Book -- References -- ch. 2 Coordinate Frames, Kinematics, and the Earth -- 2.1.Coordinate Frames -- 2.1.1.Earth-Centered Inertial Frame -- 2.1.2.Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Frame -- 2.1.3.Local Navigation Frame -- 2.1.4.Local Tangent-Plane Frame -- 2.1.5.Body Frame -- 2.1.6.Other Frames -- 2.2.Attitude, Rotation, and Resolving Axes Transformations -- 2.2.1.Euler Attitude -- 2.2.2.Coordinate Transformation Matrix -- 2.2.3.Quaternion Attitude -- 2.2.4.Rotation Vector -- 2.3.Kinematics -- 2.3.1.Angular Rate -- 2.3.2.Cartesian Position -- 2.3.3.Velocity -- 2.3.4.Acceleration -- 2.3.5.Motion with Respect to a Rotating Reference Frame -- 2.4.Earth Surface and Gravity Models -- 2.4.1.The Ellipsoid Model of the Earth's Surface -- 2.4.2.Curvilinear Position -- 2.4.3.Position Conversion -- 2.4.4.The Geoid, Orthometric Height, and Earth Tides -- 2.4.5.Projected Coordinates -- 2.4.6.Earth Rotation -- 2.4.7.Specific Force, Gravitation, and Gravity -- 2.5.Frame Transformations -- 2.5.1.Inertial and Earth Frames -- 2.5.2.Earth and Local Navigation Frames -- 2.5.3.Inertial and Local Navigation Frames -- 2.5.4.Earth and Local Tangent-Plane Frames -- 2.5.5.Transposition of Navigation Solutions -- References -- ch. 3 Kalman Filter-Based Estimation -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.1.1.Elements of the Kalman Filter -- 3.1.2.Steps of the Kalman Filter -- 3.1.3.Kalman Filter Applications -- 3.2.Algorithms and Models -- 3.2.1.Definitions -- 3.2.2.Kalman Filter Algorithm -- 3.2.3.System Model -- 3.2.4.Measurement Model -- 3.2.5.Kalman Filter Behavior and State Observability -- 3.2.6.Closed-Loop Kalman Filter -- 3.2.7.Sequential Measurement Update -- 3.3.Implementation Issues -- 3.3.1.Tuning and Stability -- 3.3.2.Algorithm Design -- 3.3.3.Numerical Issues -- 3.3.4.Time Synchronization -- 3.3.5.Kalman Filter Design Process -- 3.4.Extensions to the Kalman Filter -- 3.4.1.Extended and Linearized Kalman Filter -- 3.4.2.Unscented Kalman Filter -- 3.4.3.Time-Correlated Noise -- 3.4.4.Adaptive Kalman Filter -- 3.4.5.Multiple-Hypothesis Filtering -- 3.4.6.Kalman Smoothing -- 3.5.The Particle Filter -- References -- ch. 4 Inertial Sensors -- 4.1.Accelerometers -- 4.1.1.Pendulous Accelerometers -- 4.1.2.Vibrating-Beam Accelerometers -- 4.2.Gyroscopes -- 4.2.1.Optical Gyroscopes -- 4.2.2.Vibratory Gyroscopes -- 4.3.Inertial Measurement Units -- 4.4.Error Characteristics -- 4.4.1.Biases -- 4.4.2.Scale Factor and Cross-Coupling Errors -- 4.4.3.Random Noise -- 4.4.4.Further Error Sources -- 4.4.5.Vibration-Induced Errors -- 4.4.6.Error Models -- References -- ch. 5 Inertial Navigation -- 5.1.Introduction to Inertial Navigation -- 5.2.Inertial-Frame Navigation Equations -- 5.2.1.Attitude Update -- 5.2.2.Specific-Force Frame Transformation -- 5.2.3.Velocity Update -- 5.2.4.Position Update -- 5.3.Earth-Frame Navigation Equations -- 5.3.1.Attitude Update -- 5.3.2.Specific-Force Frame Transformation -- 5.3.3.Velocity Update -- 5.3.4.Position Update -- 5.4.Local-Navigation-Frame Navigation Equations -- 5.4.1.Attitude Update -- 5.4.2.Specific-Force Frame Transformation -- 5.4.3.Velocity Update -- 5.4.4.Position Update -- 5.4.5.Wander-Azimuth Implementation -- 5.5.Navigation Equations Optimization -- 5.5.1.Precision Attitude Update -- 5.5.2.Precision Specific-Force Frame Transformation -- 5.5.3.Precision Velocity and Position Updates -- 5.5.4.Effects of Sensor Sampling Interval and Vibration -- 5.5.5.Design Tradeoffs -- 5.6.Initialization and Alignment -- 5.6.1.Position and Velocity Initialization -- 5.6.2.Attitude Initialization -- 5.6.3.Fine Alignment -- 5.7.INS Error Propagation -- 5.7.1.Short-Term Straight-Line Error Propagation -- 5.7.2.Medium- and Long-Term Error Propagation -- 5.7.3.Maneuver-Dependent Errors -- 5.8.Indexed IMU -- 5.9.Partial IMU -- References -- ch. 6 Dead Reckoning, Attitude, and Height Measurement -- 6.1.Attitude Measurement -- 6.1.1.Magnetic Heading -- 6.1.2.Marine Gyrocompass -- 6.1.3.Strapdown Yaw-Axis Gyro -- 6.1.4.Heading from Trajectory -- 6.1.5.Integrated Heading Determination -- 6.1.6.Accelerometer Leveling and Tilt Sensors -- 6.1.7.Horizon Sensing -- 6.1.8.Attitude and Heading Reference System -- 6.2.Height and Depth Measurement -- 6.2.1.Barometric Altimeter -- 6.2.2.Depth Pressure Sensor -- 6.2.3.Radar Altimeter -- 6.3.Odometry -- 6.3.1.Linear Odometry -- 6.3.2.Differential Odometry -- 6.3.3.Integrated Odometry and Partial IMU -- 6.4.Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Using Step Detection -- 6.5.Doppler Radar and Sonar -- 6.6.Other Dead-Reckoning Techniques -- 6.6.1.Correlation-Based Velocity Measurement -- 6.6.2.Air Data -- 6.6.3.Ship's Speed Log -- References -- ch. 7 Principles of Radio Positioning -- 7.1.Radio Positioning Configurations and Methods -- 7.1.1.Self-Positioning and Remote Positioning -- 7.1.2.Relative Positioning -- 7.1.3.Proximity -- 7.1.4.Ranging -- 7.1.5.Angular Positioning -- 7.1.6.Pattern Matching -- 7.1.7.Doppler Positioning -- 7.2.Positioning Signals -- 7.2.1.Modulation Types -- 7.2.2.Radio Spectrum -- 7.3.User Equipment -- 7.3.1.Architecture -- 7.3.2.Signal Timing Measurement -- 7.3.3.Position Determination from Ranging -- 7.4.Propagation, Error Sources, and Positioning Accuracy -- 7.4.1.Ionosphere, Troposphere, and Surface Propagation Effects -- 7.4.2.Attenuation, Reflection, Multipath, and Diffraction -- 7.4.3.Resolution, Noise, and Tracking Errors -- 7.4.4.Transmitter Location and Timing Errors -- 7.4.5.Effect of Signal Geometry -- References -- ch. 8 GNSS: Fundamentals, Signals, and Satellites -- 8.1.Fundamentals of Satellite Navigation -- 8.1.1.GNSS Architecture -- 8.1.2.Signals and Range Measurement -- 8.1.3.Positioning -- 8.1.4.Error Sources and Performance Limitations -- 8.2.The Systems -- 8.2.1.Global Positioning System -- 8.2.2.GLONASS -- 8.2.3.Galileo -- 8.2.4.Beidou -- 8.2.5.Regional Systems -- 8.2.6.Augmentation Systems -- 8.2.7.System Compatibility -- 8.3.GNSS Signals -- 8.3.1.Signal Types -- 8.3.2.Global Positioning System -- 8.3.3.GLONASS -- 8.3.4.Galileo -- 8.3.5.Beidou -- 8.3.6.Regional Systems -- 8.3.7.Augmentation Systems -- 8.4.Navigation Data Messages -- 8.4.1.GPS -- 8.4.2.GLONASS -- 8.4.3.Galileo -- 8.4.4.SBAS -- 8.4.5.Time Base Synchronization -- 8.5.Satellite Orbits and Geometry -- 8.5.1.Satellite Orbits -- 8.5.2.Satellite Position and Velocity -- 8.5.3.Range, Range Rate, and Line of Sight -- 8.5.4.Elevation and Azimuth -- References -- ch. 9 GNSS: User Equipment Processing and Errors -- 9.1.Receiver Hardware and Antenna -- 9.1.1.Antennas -- 9.1.2.Reference Oscillator -- 9.1.3.Receiver Front End -- 9.1.4.Baseband Signal Processor -- 9.2.Ranging Processor -- 9.2.1.Acquisition -- 9.2.2.Code Tracking -- 9.2.3.Carrier Tracking -- 9.2.4.Tracking Lock Detection -- 9.2.5.Navigation-Message Demodulation -- 9.2.6.Carrier-Power-to-Noise-Density Measurement -- 9.2.7.Pseudo-Range, Pseudo-Range-Rate, and Carrier-Phase Measurements -- 9.3.Range Error Sources -- 9.3.1.Ephemeris Prediction and Satellite Clock Errors -- 9.3.2.Ionosphere and Troposphere Propagation Errors -- 9.3.3.Tracking Errors -- 9.3.4.Multipath, Nonline-of-Sight, and Diffraction -- 9.4.Navigation Processor -- 9.4.1.Single-Epoch Navigation Solution -- 9.4.2.Filtered Navigation Solution -- 9.4.3.Signal Geometry and Navigation Solution Accuracy -- 9.4.4.Position Error Budget -- References -- ch....”
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