Ngā hua rapu - "algorithm"

Leadership in turbulent times : cultivating diversity and inclusion in the higher education workplace /

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Chapter 1. The algorithm arm race: How justice became a business in post-covid higher education / Jessica Jennrich -- Chapter 2. …”
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Can We Trust AI? / mā Chellappa, Rama

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Global Digital Cultures : Perspectives from South Asia /

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Politics of algorithms, Indian citizenship, and the colonial legacy / Payal Arora -- Digital television in digital India / Shanti Kumar -- Imagining cellular India : the popular, the infrastructural, and the national / Rahul Mukherjee -- Bridging the deepest digital divides : a history and survey of digital media in Myanmar / Daniel Arnaudo -- Dating applications, intimacy, and cosmopolitan desire in India / Vishnupriya Das -- Anomalously digital in South Asia : a peri-technological project for deaf youth in Mumbai / Shruti Vaidya and Kentaro Toyama -- The making of a technocrat : social media and Narendra Modi / Joyojeet Pal -- Twitter as liveness : #ShamedInSydney and the paradox of participatory live television / Sangeet Kumar -- The remediation of nationalism : viscerality, virality, and digital affect / Purnima Mankekar and Hannah Carlan -- Clash of actors : nation-talk and middle-class politics on online media / Sahana Udupa -- Private publics : new media and performances of Pakistani identity from party videos to geo news / Mobina Hashmi -- The man on the moon : a semiotic analysis of scopic regimes in Bangladesh / Muhammad Nabil Zuberi -- Media and imperialism in the global village : a case study of the four Malalais and the Af-Pak Women's Rights Movement / Wazhmah Osman.…”
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Handbook of biosurveillance

Rārangi ihirangi: “…[et al.] -- Case detection algorithms / Fu-Chiang Tsui ... [et al.] -- Classical time-series methods for biosurveillance / Weng-Keen Wong and Andrew W. …”
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Multicriteria decision aid and artificial intelligence links, theory and applications / mā Doumpos, Michael

Rārangi ihirangi: “…s Method 7.5 Discussion 7.6 Conclusion References Part Four Multiobjective Optimization 8 Interactive Approaches Applied to Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Methods Analyzed in this Chapter 8.2 Basic Concepts and Notation 8.2.1 Multiobjective Optimization Problems 8.2.2 Classical Interactive Methods 8.3 MOEAs Based on Reference Point Methods 8.3.1 A Weighted Distance Metric 8.3.2 Light Beam Search Combined with NSGA-II 8.3.3 Controlling the Accuracy of the Pareto Front Approximation 8.3.4 Light Beam Search Combined with PSO 8.3.5 A Preference Relation Based on a Weighted Distance Metric 8.3.6 The Chebyshev Preference Relation 8.4 MOEAs Based on Value Function Methods 8.4.1 Progressive Approximation of a Value Function 8.4.2 Value Function by Ordinal Regression 8.5 Miscellaneous Methods 8.5.1 Desirability Functions 8.6 Conclusions and Future Work References 9 Generalized DEA and Computational Intelligence in Multiple Criteria Decision Making 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Generalized Data Envelopment Analysis 9.2.1 Basic DEA Models: CCR, BCC and FDH Models 9.2.2 GDEA Model 9.3 Generation of Pareto Optimal Solutions using Generalized DEA and Computational Intelligence 9.3.1 GDEA in Fitness Evaluation 9.3.2 GDEA in Deciding the Parameters of Multi-objective PSO 9.3.3 Expected Improvement for Multi-objective Optimization Using GDEA 9.4 Summary References 10 Fuzzy Multiobjective Optimization 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Solution Concepts for Multiobjective Programming 10.3 Interactive Multiobjective Linear Programming 10.4 Fuzzy Multiobjective Linear Programming 10.5 Interactive Fuzzy Multiobjective Linear Programming 10.6 Interactive Fuzzy Multiobjective Linear Programming with Fuzzy Parameters 10.7 Interactive Fuzzy Stochastic Multiobjective Linear Programming 10.8 Related Works and Applications References Part Five Applications in Management and Engineering 11 MCDA & Agents: Supporting Effective Resource Federation in Virtual Organizations 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Intuition of Multiple Criteria Decision Aid in Multi-agent Systems 11.3 Resource Federation Applied 11.3.1 Describing the Problem in a Cloud Computing Context 11.3.2 Problem Modeling 11.3.3 Assessing Agents' Value Function for Resource Federation 11.4 An Illustrative Example 11.5 Conclusions References 12 Fuzzy AHP Using Type II Fuzzy Sets: An Application to Warehouse Location Selection 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Multicriteria Selection 12.2.1 The ELECTRE (Élimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realite) Method 12.2.2 PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations) 12.2.3 TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation) 12.2.4 The WSM (Weighted Sum Model) Method 12.2.5 MAUT (Multi-attribute Utility Theory) 12.2.6 AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) 12.3 Literature Review on Fuzzy AHP 12.4 Buckley's Type-1 Fuzzy AHP 12.5 Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 12.6 Type-2 Fuzzy AHP 12.7 An Application: Warehouse Location Selection 12.8 Conclusion References 13 Applying Genetic Algorithms to Optimize Energy Efficiency in Buildings 13.1 Introduction 13.2 State-of-the-Art Review 13.3 An Example Case Study 13.3.1 Basic Principles and Problem Definition 13.3.2 Decision Variables 13.3.3 Decision Criteria 13.3.4 Decision Model 13.4 Development and Application of a Genetic Algorithm for the Example Case Study 13.4.1 Development of the Genetic Algorithm 13.4.2 Application of the Genetic Algorithm, Analysis of Results and Discussion 13.5 Conclusions References 14 Nature-Inspired Intelligence for Pareto Optimality Analysis in Portfolio Optimization 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Literature Review 14.3 Methodological Issues 14.4 Pareto Optimal Sets in Portfolio Optimization 14.4.1 Pareto Efficiency 14.4.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Portfolio Optimization Problem 14.5 Computational Results 14.5.1 Experimental Setup 14.5.2 Efficient Frontier 14.6 Conclusion References Index.…”
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The small worlds of corporate governance

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Davis, Gordon Walker, and Bruce Kogut -- Generating rules and the social science of governance / Bruce Kogut, Mariano Belinky, Jordi Colomer, and Malika Hamadi -- Is there a global small world of owners and directors / Bruce Kogut, Jordi Colomer, and the contributors to this book -- Epilogue: the generative analytics of corporate governance -- Appendix 1: Primer on social networks and small world measures / Mariano Belinky, Jordi Colomer, Bruce Kogut, and Pietro Urso -- Appendix 2: Name matching algorithms / Jordi Colomer -- References -- Index.…”
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Perspectives on European Earthquake Engineering and Seismology Volume 2 /

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Performance-based Seismic Design and Assessment of Bridges.- 8. An Algorithm to Justify the Design of Single Story Precast Structures.- 9. …”
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Fundamentals of database systems / mā Elmasri, Ramez, Navathe, Sham

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Databases and Database Users -- Database System Concepts and Architecture -- Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model -- The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model -- The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints -- Basic SQL -- More SQL: Complex Queries, Triggers, Views, and Schema Modification -- The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus -- Relational Database Design by ER- and EER-to-Relational Mapping -- Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques -- Web Database Programming Using PHP -- Object and Object-Relational Databases -- XML: Extensible Markup Language -- Basics of Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases -- Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies -- Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, Hashing, and Modern Storage Architectures -- Indexing Structures for Files and Physical Database Design -- Strategies for Query Processing -- Query Optimization -- Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory -- Concurrency Control Techniques -- Database Recovery Techniques -- Distributed Database Concepts -- NOSQL Databases and Big Data Storage Systems -- Big Data Technologies Based on MapReduce and Hadoop -- Enhanced Data Models: Introduction to Active, Temporal, Spatial, Multimedia, and Deductive Databases -- Introduction to Information Retrieval and Web Search -- Data Mining Concepts -- Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP -- Database Security -- Appendix A, Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models -- Appendix B, Parameters of Discs -- Appendix C, Overview of the QBE Language -- Appendix D, Overview of the Hierarchical Data Models -- Appendix E, Overview of the Network Data Model.…”

Pastplay : Teaching and Learning History with Technology /

Rārangi ihirangi: “…: learning Canadian history with the Virtual Historian / Stephane Levesque -- Interactive worlds as educational tools for understanding Arctic life / Richard Levy and Peter Dawson -- Tecumseh lies here : goals and challenges for a pervasive history game in progress / Timothy Compeau and Robert MacDougall -- The hermeneutics of screwing around; or what you do with a million books / Stephen Ramsay -- Abort, retry, pass, fail : games as teaching tools / Sean Gouglas, Mihaela Ilovan, Shannon Lucky, and Silvia Russell -- Ludic algorithms / Bethany Nowviskie -- Making and playing with models : using rapid prototyping to explore the history and technology of stage magic / William J. …”
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Heat transfer virtual lab for students and engineers : theory and guide for setting up / mā Fridman, Ella, Mahajan, Harshad S.

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Design of LabVIEW VI program -- 4.1 Software: algorithm of the program -- 4.2 Introduction of LabVIEW controls used in the project -- 4.3 Design of front panel -- 4.4 Design of block diagram -- 4.5 How were the PID parameters' values derived for temperature control? …”
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Hacking the Academy : New Approaches to Scholarship and Teaching from Digital Humanities /

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Handbook of exchange rates

Rārangi ihirangi: “…High frequency finance: Using scaling laws to build trading models 21. Algorithmic Execution in Foreign Exchange 22. Foreign Exchange Strategy Based Products 23. …”
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Synesthetic design : handbook for a multisensory approach / mā Haverkamp, Michael

Rārangi ihirangi: “…: Function and significance -- Consciously constructing: mathematical and physical connections : Algorithms and concepts ; Objective color-sound relations -- Part 3. …”
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Computation and the Humanities Towards an Oral History of Digital Humanities / mā Nyhan, Julianne, Flinn, Andrew

Rārangi ihirangi: “…--  ‘Individuation is There in all the Different Strata:’ an Oral History Conversation between John Burrows, Hugh Craig and Willard McCarty -- ‘It was a Time When the University was Still Taking Account of the Meaning of universitas scientiarum’: an Oral History Conversation between Wilhelm Ott and Julianne Nyhan -- ‘hic Rhodus, hic salta’: An Oral History Interview Between Tito Orlandi and Julianne Nyhan -- ‘They Took a Chance’: An Oral History Conversation between Susan Hockey and Julianne Nyhan --  ‘And Here We go Back Again to the Influence of Algorithmic Thinking’: An Oral History conversation between Judy Malloy and Julianne Nyhan -- ‘I Would Think of Myself as Sitting Inside the Computer, Moving Things Around in Order to Accomplish the Goal of my Programming’: An Oral History Conversation Between Mary Dee Harris and Julianne Nyhan -- ‘I Was Absolutely Convinced That There Had to be a Better Way’: An Oral History Conversation Between John Nitti and Julianne Nyhan -- ‘It’s a Little Mind-Boggling Actually’: An Oral History Conversation between Helen Agüera and Julianne Nyhan --  ‘I Heard About the Arrival of the Computer’: An Oral History Conversation Between Hans Rutimann and Julianne Nyhan --  ‘Langezeit habe ich der Universitaet nachgetrauert’: An Oral History Conversation between Michael Sperberg-McQueen and Julianne Nyhan.…”
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Designs and prototypes of mobile robots /

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Exoskeletons and bipeds / Qiang Huang and Zhangguo Yu -- 2.1 Exoskeletons -- 2.1.1 History and overview -- 2.1.2 Mechanism design principles -- 2.1.3 Sensing and control algorithm -- 2.1.4 Actuators and portable power supply -- 2.2 Bipeds -- 2.2.1 History and overview -- 2.2.2 Mechanism design -- 2.2.3 Motion planning -- 2.2.4 Stability control -- 2.2.5 Control system -- 2.2.6 Biped walking -- 2.3 Conclusions -- 2.4 References --…”
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Recent developments in mathematical finance International Conference on Mathematical Finance, Shanghai, China, 10-13 May 2001 /

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Yang -- Using Stochastic Approximation Algorithms in Stock Liquidation 238 -- G. Yin, Q. Zhang, and R. …”
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Understanding ultrasonic level measurement mā Milligan, Stephen

Rārangi ihirangi: “…. -- Ultrasonic instrumentation -- The transducer -- Transducer environments -- Transducer accuracy -- Transducer resolution and accuracy -- Impedance matching -- Axis of transmission -- Beam width -- Beam spreading -- Ringdown -- The controllers -- Digital filtering -- Averaging echoes -- Echo extraction algorithms -- Summary -- Notes --…”
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Principles of GNSS, inertial, and multisensor integrated navigation systems / mā Groves, Paul D. (Paul David)

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction -- 1.1.Fundamental Concepts -- 1.2.Dead Reckoning -- 1.3.Position Fixing -- 1.3.1.Position-Fixing Methods -- 1.3.2.Signal-Based Positioning -- 1.3.3.Environmental Feature Matching -- 1.4.The Navigation System -- 1.4.1.Requirements -- 1.4.2.Context -- 1.4.3.Integration -- 1.4.4.Aiding -- 1.4.5.Assistance and Cooperation -- 1.4.6.Fault Detection -- 1.5.Overview of the Book -- References -- ch. 2 Coordinate Frames, Kinematics, and the Earth -- 2.1.Coordinate Frames -- 2.1.1.Earth-Centered Inertial Frame -- 2.1.2.Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Frame -- 2.1.3.Local Navigation Frame -- 2.1.4.Local Tangent-Plane Frame -- 2.1.5.Body Frame -- 2.1.6.Other Frames -- 2.2.Attitude, Rotation, and Resolving Axes Transformations -- 2.2.1.Euler Attitude -- 2.2.2.Coordinate Transformation Matrix -- 2.2.3.Quaternion Attitude -- 2.2.4.Rotation Vector -- 2.3.Kinematics -- 2.3.1.Angular Rate -- 2.3.2.Cartesian Position -- 2.3.3.Velocity -- 2.3.4.Acceleration -- 2.3.5.Motion with Respect to a Rotating Reference Frame -- 2.4.Earth Surface and Gravity Models -- 2.4.1.The Ellipsoid Model of the Earth's Surface -- 2.4.2.Curvilinear Position -- 2.4.3.Position Conversion -- 2.4.4.The Geoid, Orthometric Height, and Earth Tides -- 2.4.5.Projected Coordinates -- 2.4.6.Earth Rotation -- 2.4.7.Specific Force, Gravitation, and Gravity -- 2.5.Frame Transformations -- 2.5.1.Inertial and Earth Frames -- 2.5.2.Earth and Local Navigation Frames -- 2.5.3.Inertial and Local Navigation Frames -- 2.5.4.Earth and Local Tangent-Plane Frames -- 2.5.5.Transposition of Navigation Solutions -- References -- ch. 3 Kalman Filter-Based Estimation -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.1.1.Elements of the Kalman Filter -- 3.1.2.Steps of the Kalman Filter -- 3.1.3.Kalman Filter Applications -- 3.2.Algorithms and Models -- 3.2.1.Definitions -- 3.2.2.Kalman Filter Algorithm -- 3.2.3.System Model -- 3.2.4.Measurement Model -- 3.2.5.Kalman Filter Behavior and State Observability -- 3.2.6.Closed-Loop Kalman Filter -- 3.2.7.Sequential Measurement Update -- 3.3.Implementation Issues -- 3.3.1.Tuning and Stability -- 3.3.2.Algorithm Design -- 3.3.3.Numerical Issues -- 3.3.4.Time Synchronization -- 3.3.5.Kalman Filter Design Process -- 3.4.Extensions to the Kalman Filter -- 3.4.1.Extended and Linearized Kalman Filter -- 3.4.2.Unscented Kalman Filter -- 3.4.3.Time-Correlated Noise -- 3.4.4.Adaptive Kalman Filter -- 3.4.5.Multiple-Hypothesis Filtering -- 3.4.6.Kalman Smoothing -- 3.5.The Particle Filter -- References -- ch. 4 Inertial Sensors -- 4.1.Accelerometers -- 4.1.1.Pendulous Accelerometers -- 4.1.2.Vibrating-Beam Accelerometers -- 4.2.Gyroscopes -- 4.2.1.Optical Gyroscopes -- 4.2.2.Vibratory Gyroscopes -- 4.3.Inertial Measurement Units -- 4.4.Error Characteristics -- 4.4.1.Biases -- 4.4.2.Scale Factor and Cross-Coupling Errors -- 4.4.3.Random Noise -- 4.4.4.Further Error Sources -- 4.4.5.Vibration-Induced Errors -- 4.4.6.Error Models -- References -- ch. 5 Inertial Navigation -- 5.1.Introduction to Inertial Navigation -- 5.2.Inertial-Frame Navigation Equations -- 5.2.1.Attitude Update -- 5.2.2.Specific-Force Frame Transformation -- 5.2.3.Velocity Update -- 5.2.4.Position Update -- 5.3.Earth-Frame Navigation Equations -- 5.3.1.Attitude Update -- 5.3.2.Specific-Force Frame Transformation -- 5.3.3.Velocity Update -- 5.3.4.Position Update -- 5.4.Local-Navigation-Frame Navigation Equations -- 5.4.1.Attitude Update -- 5.4.2.Specific-Force Frame Transformation -- 5.4.3.Velocity Update -- 5.4.4.Position Update -- 5.4.5.Wander-Azimuth Implementation -- 5.5.Navigation Equations Optimization -- 5.5.1.Precision Attitude Update -- 5.5.2.Precision Specific-Force Frame Transformation -- 5.5.3.Precision Velocity and Position Updates -- 5.5.4.Effects of Sensor Sampling Interval and Vibration -- 5.5.5.Design Tradeoffs -- 5.6.Initialization and Alignment -- 5.6.1.Position and Velocity Initialization -- 5.6.2.Attitude Initialization -- 5.6.3.Fine Alignment -- 5.7.INS Error Propagation -- 5.7.1.Short-Term Straight-Line Error Propagation -- 5.7.2.Medium- and Long-Term Error Propagation -- 5.7.3.Maneuver-Dependent Errors -- 5.8.Indexed IMU -- 5.9.Partial IMU -- References -- ch. 6 Dead Reckoning, Attitude, and Height Measurement -- 6.1.Attitude Measurement -- 6.1.1.Magnetic Heading -- 6.1.2.Marine Gyrocompass -- 6.1.3.Strapdown Yaw-Axis Gyro -- 6.1.4.Heading from Trajectory -- 6.1.5.Integrated Heading Determination -- 6.1.6.Accelerometer Leveling and Tilt Sensors -- 6.1.7.Horizon Sensing -- 6.1.8.Attitude and Heading Reference System -- 6.2.Height and Depth Measurement -- 6.2.1.Barometric Altimeter -- 6.2.2.Depth Pressure Sensor -- 6.2.3.Radar Altimeter -- 6.3.Odometry -- 6.3.1.Linear Odometry -- 6.3.2.Differential Odometry -- 6.3.3.Integrated Odometry and Partial IMU -- 6.4.Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Using Step Detection -- 6.5.Doppler Radar and Sonar -- 6.6.Other Dead-Reckoning Techniques -- 6.6.1.Correlation-Based Velocity Measurement -- 6.6.2.Air Data -- 6.6.3.Ship's Speed Log -- References -- ch. 7 Principles of Radio Positioning -- 7.1.Radio Positioning Configurations and Methods -- 7.1.1.Self-Positioning and Remote Positioning -- 7.1.2.Relative Positioning -- 7.1.3.Proximity -- 7.1.4.Ranging -- 7.1.5.Angular Positioning -- 7.1.6.Pattern Matching -- 7.1.7.Doppler Positioning -- 7.2.Positioning Signals -- 7.2.1.Modulation Types -- 7.2.2.Radio Spectrum -- 7.3.User Equipment -- 7.3.1.Architecture -- 7.3.2.Signal Timing Measurement -- 7.3.3.Position Determination from Ranging -- 7.4.Propagation, Error Sources, and Positioning Accuracy -- 7.4.1.Ionosphere, Troposphere, and Surface Propagation Effects -- 7.4.2.Attenuation, Reflection, Multipath, and Diffraction -- 7.4.3.Resolution, Noise, and Tracking Errors -- 7.4.4.Transmitter Location and Timing Errors -- 7.4.5.Effect of Signal Geometry -- References -- ch. 8 GNSS: Fundamentals, Signals, and Satellites -- 8.1.Fundamentals of Satellite Navigation -- 8.1.1.GNSS Architecture -- 8.1.2.Signals and Range Measurement -- 8.1.3.Positioning -- 8.1.4.Error Sources and Performance Limitations -- 8.2.The Systems -- 8.2.1.Global Positioning System -- 8.2.2.GLONASS -- 8.2.3.Galileo -- 8.2.4.Beidou -- 8.2.5.Regional Systems -- 8.2.6.Augmentation Systems -- 8.2.7.System Compatibility -- 8.3.GNSS Signals -- 8.3.1.Signal Types -- 8.3.2.Global Positioning System -- 8.3.3.GLONASS -- 8.3.4.Galileo -- 8.3.5.Beidou -- 8.3.6.Regional Systems -- 8.3.7.Augmentation Systems -- 8.4.Navigation Data Messages -- 8.4.1.GPS -- 8.4.2.GLONASS -- 8.4.3.Galileo -- 8.4.4.SBAS -- 8.4.5.Time Base Synchronization -- 8.5.Satellite Orbits and Geometry -- 8.5.1.Satellite Orbits -- 8.5.2.Satellite Position and Velocity -- 8.5.3.Range, Range Rate, and Line of Sight -- 8.5.4.Elevation and Azimuth -- References -- ch. 9 GNSS: User Equipment Processing and Errors -- 9.1.Receiver Hardware and Antenna -- 9.1.1.Antennas -- 9.1.2.Reference Oscillator -- 9.1.3.Receiver Front End -- 9.1.4.Baseband Signal Processor -- 9.2.Ranging Processor -- 9.2.1.Acquisition -- 9.2.2.Code Tracking -- 9.2.3.Carrier Tracking -- 9.2.4.Tracking Lock Detection -- 9.2.5.Navigation-Message Demodulation -- 9.2.6.Carrier-Power-to-Noise-Density Measurement -- 9.2.7.Pseudo-Range, Pseudo-Range-Rate, and Carrier-Phase Measurements -- 9.3.Range Error Sources -- 9.3.1.Ephemeris Prediction and Satellite Clock Errors -- 9.3.2.Ionosphere and Troposphere Propagation Errors -- 9.3.3.Tracking Errors -- 9.3.4.Multipath, Nonline-of-Sight, and Diffraction -- 9.4.Navigation Processor -- 9.4.1.Single-Epoch Navigation Solution -- 9.4.2.Filtered Navigation Solution -- 9.4.3.Signal Geometry and Navigation Solution Accuracy -- 9.4.4.Position Error Budget -- References -- ch.…”
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Statistical disclosure control

Rārangi ihirangi: “…Machine generated contents note: Preface vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Concepts and Definitions 2 1.1.1 Disclosure 2 1.1.2 Statistical disclosure control 2 1.1.3 Tabular data 3 1.1.4 Microdata 3 1.1.5 Risk and utility 4 1.2 An approach to Statistical Disclosure Control 6 1.3 The chapters of the handbook 8 2 Ethics, Principles, Guidelines and Regulations, a general background 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Ethical codes and the new ISI code 9 2.2.1 ISI Declaration on Professional Ethics 10 2.2.2 New ISI Declaration on Professional Ethics 10 2.2.3 European Statistics Code of Practice 14 2.3 UNECE Principles and guidelines 14 2.4 Laws 17 2.4.1 Committee on Statistical Confidentiality 18 2.4.2 European Statistical System Committee 18 3 Microdata 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Microdata Concepts 22 3.2.1 Stage 1: Assess need for confidentiality protection 22 3.2.2 Stage 2: Key characteristics and uses of microdata 24 3.2.3 Stage 3: Disclosure risk 27 3.2.4 Stage 4: Protection methods 29 3.2.5 Stage 5: Implementation 30 3.3 Definitions of disclosure 32 3.3.1 Definitions of disclosure scenarios 33 3.4 Definitions of Disclosure Risk 34 3.4.1 Disclosure risk for categorical quasi-identifiers 35 3.4.2 Disclosure risk for continuous quasi-identifiers 37 3.5 Estimating Re-identification Risk 39 3.5.1 Individual risk based on the sample: threshold rule 39 3.5.2 Estimating individual risk using sampling weights 39 3.5.3 Estimating individual risk by Poisson model 42 3.5.4 Further models that borrow information from other sources 43 3.5.5 Estimating per record risk via heuristics 44 3.5.6 Assessing risk via record linkage 45 3.6 Non-Perturbative Microdata Masking 45 3.6.1 Sampling 46 3.6.2 Global recoding 46 3.6.3 Top and bottom coding 47 3.6.4 Local suppression 47 3.7 Perturbative Microdata Masking 48 3.7.1 Additive noise masking 48 3.7.2 Multiplicative noise masking 52 3.7.3 Microaggregation 54 3.7.4 Data swapping and rank swapping 66 3.7.5 Data shuffling 66 3.7.6 Rounding 67 3.7.7 Resampling 67 3.7.8 PRAM 67 3.7.9 MASSC 71 3.8 Synthetic and Hybrid Data 71 3.8.1 Fully synthetic data 72 3.8.2 Partially synthetic data 77 3.8.3 Hybrid data 79 3.8.4 Pros and cons of synthetic and hybrid data 88 3.9 Information Loss in Microdata 91 3.9.1 Information loss measures for continuous data 92 3.9.2 Information loss measures for categorical data 99 3.10 Release of multiple files from the same microdata set 101 3.11 Software 102 3.11.1 _-ARGUS 102 3.11.2 sdcMicro 103 3.11.3 IVEware 106 3.12 Case Studies 106 3.12.1 Microdata files at Statistics Netherlands 106 3.12.2 The European Labour Force Survey Microdata for Research Purposes 108 3.12.3 The European Structure of Earnings Survey Microdata for Research Purposes 111 3.12.4 NHIS Linked Mortality Data Public Use File, USA 117 3.12.5 Other real case instances 119 4 Magnitude tabular data 121 4.1 Introduction 121 4.1.1 Magnitude Tabular Data: Basic Terminology 121 4.1.2 Complex tabular data structures: hierarchical and linked tables 122 4.1.3 Risk Concepts 124 4.1.4 Protection Concepts 127 4.1.5 Information Loss Concepts 127 4.1.6 Implementation: Software, Guidelines and Case Study 127 4.2 Disclosure Risk Assessment I: Primary Sensitive Cells 128 4.2.1 Intruder Scenarios 128 4.2.2 Sensitivity rules 129 4.3 Disclosure Risk Assessment II: Secondary risk assessment 140 4.3.1 Feasibility Interval 141 4.3.2 Protection Level 142 4.3.3 Singleton and multi cell disclosure 143 4.3.4 Risk models for hierarchical and linked tables 144 4.4 Non-Perturbative Protection Methods 145 4.4.1 Global Recoding 145 4.4.2 The Concept of Cell Suppression 145 4.4.3 Algorithms for Secondary Cell Suppression 146 4.4.4 Secondary Cell Suppression in Hierarchical and Linked Tables 149 4.5 Perturbative Protection Methods 151 4.5.1 A pre-tabular method: Multiplicative Noise 152 4.5.2 A Post-tabular Method: Controlled Tabular Adjustment 153 4.6 Information Loss Measures for Tabular Data 153 4.6.1 Cell Costs for Cell Suppression 153 4.6.2 Cell Costs for CTA 154 4.6.3 Information Loss Measures to Evaluate the Outcome of Table Protection 155 4.7 Software for Tabular Data Protection 155 4.7.1 Empirical comparison of cell suppression algorithms 156 4.8 Guidelines: Setting up an efficient table model systematically 160 4.8.1 Defining Spanning Variables 161 4.8.2 Response Variables and Mapping Rules 162 4.9 Case Studies 164 4.9.1 Response Variables and Mapping Rules of the Case Study 164 4.9.2 Spanning Variables of the Case Study 165 4.9.3 Analysing the Tables of the Case Study 165 4.9.4 Software Issues of the Case Study 167 5 Frequency tables 169 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 Disclosure risks 169 5.3 Methods 176 5.4 Post-tabular methods 178 5.4.1 Cell Suppression 178 5.4.2 ABS Cell Perturbation 179 5.4.3 Rounding 179 5.5 Information loss 184 5.6 Software 186 5.6.1 Introduction 186 5.7 Case Studies 188 5.7.1 UK Census 188 5.7.2 Australian and New Zealand Censuses 190 6 Data Access Issues 193 6.1 Introduction 193 6.2 Research Data Centres 193 6.3 Remote Execution 194 6.4 Remote Access 195 6.5 Licensing 196 6.6 Guidelines on output checking 196 6.6.1 Introduction 196 6.6.2 General approach 197 6.6.3 Rules for output checking 199 6.6.4 Organizational/procedural aspects of output checking 208 6.6.5 Researcher training 215 6.7 Additional issues concerning data access 218 6.7.1 Examples of disclaimers 218 6.7.2 Output description 218 6.8 Case Studies 219 6.8.1 The U.S. …”
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Efficient Learning Machines Theories, Concepts, and Applications for Engineers and System Designers / mā Awad, Mariette, Khanna, Rahul

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