Understanding ultrasonic level measurement
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| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Lenguaje: | inglés |
| Publicado: |
[New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) :
Momentum Press,
2013.
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | An electronic book accessible through the World Wide Web; click to view |
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Tabla de Contenidos:
- Chapter one. History of ultrasonics
- Ultrasonics and level measurement
- Product development map
- Ultrasonic theory
- Sound
- Using sound
- Frequency and wavelength
- Measurement principle
- The medium and the message
- Sound intensity
- Sound velocity and temperature
- Sound velocity and gas
- Sound velocity and pressure
- Sound velocity and vacuum
- Sound velocity and attenuation
- Sound reflection
- Sound diffraction
- Sound pressure level (SPL)
- Sound intensity changes
- Summary
- Chapter two.
- Ultrasonic instrumentation
- The transducer
- Transducer environments
- Transducer accuracy
- Transducer resolution and accuracy
- Impedance matching
- Axis of transmission
- Beam width
- Beam spreading
- Ringdown
- The controllers
- Digital filtering
- Averaging echoes
- Echo extraction algorithms
- Summary
- Notes
- Chapter three.
- The sound and the slurry
- Topics
- Transducers and ultrasonic systems
- Single systems
- Compound systems
- Transducers
- Temperature and transducer material
- Temperature sensors
- Sound and differential amplifiers
- Single-ended receiver
- Differential receiver
- Application temperature
- Housing material
- Range and power
- Conditions
- Dust
- Stilling wells
- Foam facing
- Moisture on transducer face
- Transducer selection
- Blanking distance and height placement
- Temperature
- Installation
- Transducer design: the heart of the matter
- Summary
- Chapter four. Echo processing
- Topics
- Echo processing, intelligence
- Understanding echo processing
- Shots and profiles
- Finding the true echo
- Filters
- True echo selection (selection of echo reflected by the intended target)
- Selected echo verification
- Echo quality
- Figure of merit
- Echo parameter fine tuning
- Echo profiles
- Profile components
- Echo profile
- Ringdown
- TVT curve (Time Varying Threshold)
- Echo marker
- Echo lock window
- Echo processing parameters
- Echo confidence
- The echo
- Echo strength
- Noise
- Noise interference
- Determining the noise source
- Non-transducer noise sources
- Common wiring problems
- Reducing electrical noise
- Acoustic noise
- Reducing acoustic noise
- Summary
- Chapter five. Installation
- Topics
- Select the right transducer
- Location
- Obstructions
- Closed vessels
- Tanks
- Tank access
- Open vessels
- Open channel meters: weirs and flumes
- Flumes
- Transducer location
- Lift stations
- Position control
- Hazardous approvals
- Approvals
- Controller installation
- Summary
- Chapter six. Applications
- Applications
- Topics
- Cement
- Aggregate
- Blending silos and storage bunkers
- Environmental
- Collection system: lift station/pump station/wet well
- Wastewater treatment plant
- Environmental applications
- Food industry
- Chemical industry
- Other Industries
- Chapter seven. Best in class, the ultrasonic product line
- SITRANS LUT400
- SITRANS Probe LU
- The Probe
- MultiRanger 100/200
- SITRANS LU10
- HydroRanger 200
- Echomax Transducers
- XRS-5
- XPS/XCT Series
- XLT Series
- ST-H
- Conclusion
- Index
- Glossary.