Nitrate and man toxic, harmless or beneficial? /
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| Médium: | Elektronický zdroj E-kniha |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Wallingford :
CABI,
c2002.
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- Machine generated contents note: Introduction 1
- 1 The History of Nitrates in Medicine 3
- 2 Nitrate, the Nitrogen Cycle and the Fertility of Nature 9
- 21. The Nitrogen Cycle 10
- 22. The Increasing Fertility of Nature 12
- 3 The Metabolism of Nitrate 16
- 31. The Basic Features 16
- 32. The Two Sources of Nitrate: Dietary Intake and Endogenous
- Synthesis 17
- 33. The Metabolic Conversions of Nitrate in the Body and its
- Fate 21
- 34. Nitrate Secretion with Saliva and its Transformation to
- Nitrite in the Mouth 23
- 35. Nitrate and Nitrite in the Stomach 26
- 36. Nitrate Metabolism: a Summary 27
- 4 Nitrate in Body Fluids 29
- 41. Healthy Humans 30
- 42. Pathological Conditions 32
- 43. Conclusions 34
- 5 The Case Against Nitrate: a Critical Examination 35
- 51. The Risk of Methaemoglobinaemia in Infants 35
- 511. Methaemoglobinaemia: definition 36
- 512. Infant methaemoglobinaemia: causes and issues 37
- 513. Methaemoglobinaemia induced by carrot soup 38
- 514. Spinach-induced methaemoglobinaemia 41
- 515. Methaemoglobinaemia caused by enteritis 41
- 516. Methaemoglobinaemia associated with the use of
- well water 44
- 517. Conclusion 52
- 52. The Risk of Cancer 54
- 521. Background 54
- 522. The formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) 55
- 523. Evidence from animal experiments and
- epidemiological studies 58
- 524. Comments and conclusions 60
- 53. Other Grievances 63
- 531. Increased health risk for mother, fetus and child
- from nitrate 63
- 532. Risk of genotoxicity 64
- 533. Increased risk for congenital malformation 65
- 534. Tendency towards increased size of the thyroid
- gland 65
- 535. Early onset of hypertension 66
- 536. Enhanced incidence of childhood diabetes 66
- 537. Other claims 67
- 54. Conclusions 68
- 6 Nitrate Regulations: Presentation and Discussion 69
- 61. Maximum Nitrate Levels in Drinking Water 69
- 611. History of regulations 70
- 612. A look at the early epidemiology as a basis for
- present regulations 74
- 62. Maximum Nitrate Levels in Food 77
- 63. The Acceptable Daily Intake and the Reference Dose for
- Nitrate in Man 79
- 64. Concluding Comments 82
- 7 The Beneficial Effects of Nitrate 84
- 71. The Anti-infective Effects of Nitrate 84
- 711. The effects in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract 84
- 712. Anti-infective effects in other organs 87
- 72. Nitrate, Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Diseases 88
- 73. Dietary Nitrate and Gastric Cancer 90
- 74. Other Beneficial Effects 92
- 75. Conclusion 92
- 8 Summary and Conclusions 93
- Appendices
- Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Tables 95
- Conversion Factors for Nitrate Expressed in Various Units 95
- Appendix 2 Sources of Nitrate in Human Food 99
- Appendix 3 Nitrate Kinetics in Healthy Adults after Oral Doses of
- Nitrate 103
- Appendix 4 High Plasma Nitrate Levels in Various Diseases and
- Therapies 107
- Appendix 5 Human Epidemiological Studies Performed to Evaluate
- the Effects of Nitrate Exposure on Cancer Incidence
- and Mortality 111
- Appendix 6 Massive Intakes of Nitrite and Nitrate: Short-Term
- Effects on Health 119
- Large Intakes of Nitrite (NO2-) 119
- Massive Intakes of Nitrate (NO3-) 121.